Studieguide

Present simple — vaner, fakta, generelle sannheter, rutiner

• Grunnform av verbet, men +s i 3. person entall (he/she/it)
• "I work at the hospital." / "She works at the hospital."
• "The shop opens at 9 every day."
• "Water boils at 100 degrees."

Present continuous — noe som skjer akkurat nå eller i denne perioden

• am/is/are + verb + -ing
• "I am working on the report right now."
• "She is helping a customer at the moment."
• "We are learning about safety this week."

Past simple — avsluttede hendelser i fortiden

• Regelmessige verb: +ed (worked, started, finished)
• Uregelmessige verb må læres utenat: go → went, take → took, write → wrote, see → saw
• "I worked late yesterday."
• "We finished the project last week."

Future — noe som skal skje

• will + grunnform: spontan beslutning, forutsigelse, løfte
• going to + grunnform: planlagt/bestemt på forhånd
• present continuous for avtaler: "I am meeting the client tomorrow."
• "I will help you carry that." (spontant tilbud)
• "I am going to start an apprenticeship next year." (plan)

a / an — ubestemt (når noe nevnes for første gang)

• a foran konsonantlyd: a job, a hammer, a manager, a university (u uttales som j)
• an foran vokallyd: an apple, an engineer, an hour (stum h)

the — bestemt (noe kjent eller allerede nevnt)

• "I need a hammer. Where is the hammer?"
• Bruk the om unike ting: the sun, the boss, the manager

Ingen artikkel — generelt flertall eller utellelige ord

• "Nurses work hard." (sykepleiere generelt)
• "I need information." (ikke "an information")

Regelen: +s for de fleste ord, +es etter -s, -x, -sh, -ch

• job → jobs, tool → tools, manager → managers
• box → boxes, brush → brushes, glass → glasses
• -y etter konsonant: y → ies (company → companies, story → stories)
• -f/-fe: ofte f → ves (knife → knives, leaf → leaves)

Uregelmessige flertall:

• man → men, woman → women, child → children, person → people
• foot → feet, tooth → teeth
• Samme form: sheep → sheep, fish → fish (ofte)

Utellelige substantiv (uncountable) — brukes i entall og har ingen flertallsform:

• information, advice, work, furniture, equipment, money, water
• Ikke: "informations" / "advices" / "two works"
• Bruk kvantifiserende ord: a piece of advice, some information, two pieces of equipment

Oversikt:

• Subjekt: I, you, he, she, it, we, they
• Objekt: me, you, him, her, it, us, them
• Possessive adjektiv: my, your, his, her, its, our, their
• Possessive pronomen: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs
• Refleksive: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves

Tid:

• in — måneder, år, årstider, lengre perioder: in March, in 2024, in summer, in the morning
• on — dager, datoer, ukedager: on Monday, on July 4th, on my birthday
• at — klokkeslett, punkt i tid, høytider: at 9 o'clock, at night, at Christmas, at the weekend
• for — varighet: for two hours, for five years
• since — startpunkt: since 2020, since Monday

Sted:

• in — inne i, inni: in the office, in the kitchen, in Norway
• on — på en overflate: on the table, on the wall, on the floor
• at — et punkt/sted: at work, at school, at the bus stop, at the reception
• under — under: under the shelf
• next to / beside — ved siden av: next to the door
• between — mellom to ting: between the chairs

Type 0 — generelle sannheter: if + present, present

• "If you heat water to 100°C, it boils."
• "If a customer complains, I listen carefully."

Type 1 — realistisk framtid: if + present, will + grunnform

• "If I finish early, I will help you."
• "If we don't follow the safety rules, someone will get hurt."

Type 2 — hypotetisk (usannsynlig): if + past, would + grunnform

• "If I had more time, I would take an extra course." (har ikke tid nå)
• "If I were the manager, I would change the schedule."